Foundations

Any CIVIL engineering structure is divided into two categories:-

1. Sub-Structure or Foundation

2. Super structure

Lower portion of the structure is always hidden from the view; thus it is known as foundation, whereas the portion above the ground level is known as super-structure.

Both of these parts of the structure are important from point of view of the building.

Main functions of the foundation are:

1. To distribute the load of structure over the large area.

2. Uniform distribution of the load

3. To provide level surface for the superstructure

4. To provide stability

5. Protection against environmental affects and changes

6. Safety against undermining

Types of foundation

1) Shallow foundation

a) Spread footing foundation

b) RCC footing foundation

c) Combined footing

d) Grillage footing

e) Stepped footing

f) Raft foundation

g) Cantilever foundation

2) Deep foundation

a) Pile Foundation

b) Caissons or Well Foundation

SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION

This is most commonly used footing for residential buildings. It is very easy to construct as well as economic. This foundation can be used for two or three storey building. This is constructed using brick work or concreting can be done.